Spate Irrigation: Impact of Climate Change with Specific Reference to Pakistan

Spate irrigation is a unique system of agriculture practiced in the piedmont plains by harvesting of floods received after rainfall in the mountains. This system is practiced in different parts of the world; in Pakistan, it is extensive in the western belt. The system is based on water distribution from head to tail. There are laws for distribution of water, but due to the magnitude of flood, it sometimes retains in the upstream and sometimes finds its way to the river. Agriculture practiced in this system depends on floods, which brings sedimentation, useful in replenishing soil fertility. Soil has the ability to hold moisture for long. The changing climatic pattern has greatly influenced the system both under droughts and floods. Livelihood of the spate farmers depends on agricultural crops and livestock. In either case of the extreme climate, they have to cope with limited options. Changing climatic pattern is responsible for extending the climatic seasons and enhancing the irrationality of floods. Construction of huge dam on the torrential watershed is a great project executed by the government for large floods, overcomes energy crisis, and has potential to irrigate land through canal. This chapter is a brief comprehension of spate irrigation under changing climate with special focus on Pakistan

Analytical solutions of dissipative heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of non-newtonian fluids in asymmetric channels

Peristalsis is a natural mechanism responsible for the propulsion and the segmentation of biofluids in living structures, and this mechanism is important due to its efficient pumping characteristics. An essential feature of peristalsis is dissipation, thus dissipative heat transfer must be considered in the propulsion of biofluids. Most biofluids exist with different non-Newtonian fluid characteristics and experimental investigations reveal that the physiological structures are non-uniform with asymmetric peristaltic waves. This research focuses on the development of mathematical models which take into account the dissipative heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian fluids. The non-Newtonian fluids include Walter’s B, fourth grade and Sisko fluids and the flow have been considered in the horizontal and inclined asymmetric channels. Governing equations are first modeled in the laboratory frame and then transformed into the wave frame. Resulting equations are non-dimensionalized and the nonlinearity has been reduced by adopting the long wavelength and small Reynolds number approximations. Explicit forms of the analytical solutions have been obtained using the regular perturbation method. Influences of various parameters such as velocity slip parameter, Sisko fluid parameter, Brinkman, Eckert, Deborah, Soret and Schmidt numbers on the flow quantities namely velocity, shear stress, pumping, trapping, temperature, concentration and heat transfer coefficients have been investigated. Results show that pumping, trapping and temperature are reduced for increasing velocity slip parameter. Temperature and heat transfer coefficients are increased with the increase of Brinkman, Eckert and Deborah numbers. Concentration decreases with the increase of Brinkman, Soret and Schmidt numbers. Comparative study amongst viscous, shear thinning and shear thickening fluids has also been presented

PRINCIPALS’ STRATEGIES FOR CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION AT SECONDARY LEVEL

This paper provides an insight on the strategies adopted by principals in the implementation of curriculum at secondary level. The objectives of the study were to find out the impact of strategies adopted by principals and identifying the gaps acting as potential hampers in managing the implementationof curriculum. For this purpose, a close ended questionnaire with 5 points Likert scale was designed and the entire population was taken as sample of the study. The collected data were treated with Chi–square statistics. The results revealed that the principals were not accompanied with the curricular materials, physical and financial facilities and least training regarding the application of strategies for implementation of curriculum were provided. The recommendation like provision of formal training to strengthen the academics, development of organizational commitment amongthe employer and employees were made

ROLE OF CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN STUDENTS’ DEVELOPMENT

This study attempted to explore and identify factors that help to promote students’ efficiency in co-curricular activities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 60 principals/headmasters of schools from all the boys’ high schools of Peshawar City, which included 52 principals from private and 8 from public schools respectively. 120 teachers two from each sample school from both public and private sectors (16 teachers from public and 104 teachers from private schools). Of those 60 schools, a sample of 1200 students was selected, including 160 students from public and 1040 students from private schools. Three separate opinionnaires were used to gather data from principals, teachers and students. The opinionnaires contained items and statements which were structured around eliciting responses from principals, teachers and students about factors that contributed to students’ efficiency. The interviews based on 10 items/statements which were held with 120 parents whose children were in 10th class of the sampled schools. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. In order to be logical and scientific in approach, the analysis was further made meaningful with the application of statistical measures. The data obtained from principals’, teachers’ and students’ revealed a number of areas and factors that contributed to the students’ development

Controllability Backbone in Networks

This paper studies the controllability backbone problem in dynamical networks defined over graphs. The main idea of the controllability backbone is to identify a small subset of edges in a given network such that any subnetwork containing those edges/links has at least the same network controllability as the original network while assuming the same set of input/leader vertices. We consider the strong structural controllability (SSC) in our work, which is useful but computationally challenging. Thus, we utilize two lower bounds on the network's SSC based on the zero forcing notion and graph distances. We provide algorithms to compute controllability backbones while preserving these lower bounds. We thoroughly analyze the proposed algorithms and compute the number of edges in the controllability backbones. Finally, we compare and numerically evaluate our methods on random graphs.Comment: Accepted in 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Dec. 13-15, 2023, Singapor

Genetic polymorphism of milk protein variants and their association studies with milk yield in Sahiwal cattle

The objective of this study was to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of genetic variants in five milk protein genes and estimate the effect of these variants on milk yield in Sahiwal cattle. Genotypes of five milk protein genes (alpha s1 casein, beta casein, kappa casein, alpha lactalbumin and beta lactoglobulin) were detected using SNaPshot genotyping method. All the five milk protein genes studied exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.51 for alpha s1casein C, 0.93 for beta casein A2, 0.92 for kappa casein A, 0.93 for alpha lactalbumin B and 0.91 for beta lactoglobulin B. Statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in kappa casein genotypes AA (AA) and AB (AC) that is, genotype AB had more milk yield in 1st lactation (422 kg) and 2nd lactation (612 kg), respectively. In conclusion, the AB genotype identified in kappa casein gene is associated with higher milk production therefore incorporation of AB and BB genotypes for kappa casein may help to improve the milk yield in Sahiwal cattle population of Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study involving frequency distribution of genetic variants and their effects on milk yield in Bos indicus Sahiwal cattle of Pakistan.Keywords: Genetic variant, milk protein genes, Sahiwal cattleAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 13(4), pp. 555-565, 22 January, 201

Partial slip effect on heat and mass transfer of MHD peristaltic transport in a porous medium

This research looks at the effects of partial slip on heat and mass transfer of peristaltic transport. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of viscous fluid in a porous asymmetric channel has been considered. The exact solutions for the stream function, longitudinal pressure gradient, longitudinal velocity, shear stress, temperature and concentration fields are derived by adopting long wavelength and small Reynolds number approximations. The results showed that peristaltic pumping and trapping are reduced with increasing velocity slip parameter. Furthermore, temperature increases with increasing thermal slip parameter. Moreover, the concentration profile decreases with increasing porosity parameter, Schmidt number and concentration slip parameter. Comparisons with published results are found to be in good agreement

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT FOR SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS

The evidence shows that the education system is shambles in Pakistan and specifically of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The schools critically require change. Transforming these schools into successful schools requires investigation of elements adding to viability. This investigation was carried in the Secondary Schools of Boys' situated in the province KP, Pakistan. The number of inhabitants consisting of guardians in the examination, having children’s in the pre-mentioned schools.  As a basic, the guardians having the responsibility to view in tutoring of their kids as more imperative partners. Examples contained purposively chosen 120 guardians (working in different fields). They were picked proportionately from 30 examined Secondary Schools of Boys' in which 26 are private and 4 open segment). The significant instrument for gathering of information are meetings with purposively chose guardians. These meetings were held with guardians in each inspected school having children’s in the tenth class. The different nature parameters of meeting were selected. The information consisting of subjective and quantitative treatment. The examination outcome uncovered various components in view of guardians' reactions and desires which, as per the investigation, could help enhance school adequac

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT FOR SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS

The evidence shows that the education system is shambles in Pakistan and specifically of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The schools critically require change. Transforming these schools into successful schools requires investigation of elements adding to viability. This investigation was carried in the Secondary Schools of Boys' situated in the province KP, Pakistan. The number of inhabitants consisting of guardians in the examination, having children’s in the pre-mentioned schools.  As a basic, the guardians having the responsibility to view in tutoring of their kids as more imperative partners. Examples contained purposively chosen 120 guardians (working in different fields). They were picked proportionately from 30 examined Secondary Schools of Boys' in which 26 are private and 4 open segment). The significant instrument for gathering of information are meetings with purposively chose guardians. These meetings were held with guardians in each inspected school having children’s in the tenth class. The different nature parameters of meeting were selected. The information consisting of subjective and quantitative treatment. The examination outcome uncovered various components in view of guardians' reactions and desires which, as per the investigation, could help enhance school adequac